Unemployment Essay Example

Unemployment Essay Unemployment rate refers to the percentage of people within the available labour force who do not have jobs and are actively looking for one (Boyes Melvin, 2005). Unemployment rates cannot be reduced to zero, which means every economy has some level of unemployment. However, these unemployment rates are of different natures and each has different causes. Various measures have been suggested as remedies for reducing unemployment. Unemployment could also be defined as explained in the dictionary of economics as the state of an individual looking for a paying job but not having one. Unemployment occurs when people face crisis in job opportunities due to the unpredictable nature of the economy. However, without determining the type of unemployment and its causes it is difficult to determine suitable solutions that will reduce the situation. The types of unemployment and their causes are explained below (Hughes Perlman, 1984). Unemployment is one of the major economic problems. People who are considered unemployed are those who are seeking work or lay off for more than a week. There are many different reasons why a person could be unemployed. The government tries to find solutions in order to reduce unemployment by making up policies. The unemployment problem began in the 1990s. First, it resulted from the restructuring of economy. In the period of planned economy, the large-scale corporation is the most common production organization. But to the market economy, the most common one is the individual or small-scale corporation. The workers from the large-scale firms cannot adapt themselves to the production form of the individual or small-scale ones. Therefore, in terms of a certain way, the large quantity of unemployment is the cost of the increase of the efficiencies of Chinese economy, or we can regard this as the cost of the change from planned economy to the market one. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For the goal of the restructuring, the society should decrease the quantity of the employment to increase the efficiency. Second, to construct the modern corporation system, the forms of the employing should meet the need of market economics competition, changing from plan-decided to market-decided. In industrialized countries in which most people can earn a living only by working for others, being unable to find a job is a serious problem. Because of its human costs in deprivation and a feeling of rejection and personal failure, the extent of unemployment is widely used as a measure of workers welfare. The proportion of workers unemployed also shows how well a nations human resources are used and serves as an index of economic activity. Economists have described the types of unemployment as frictional, structural, seasonal and cyclical.

Choosing a Chinese Name by Number of Strokes

Choosing a Chinese Name by Number of Strokes The art of choosing a Chinese name takes several things into consideration, such as the meanings of the characters, the elements they represent, and the number of strokes. When all of these factors are combined in a harmonious fashion, the result is an auspicious name that will bring good fortune to the bearer. Chinese characters are defined as either Yin or Yang depending on their number of strokes. Strokes are the individual pen movements that are required to draw a character. For example, the character ä º º (person) has two strokes, and the character Ã¥ ¤ © (heaven) has four strokes. Characters which have an even number of strokes are considered Yin, and characters with an odd number of strokes are Yang. The Chinese Name - Zhong Ge A Chinese name usually has three characters – the family name (a single character) and the given name (two characters). The family name is called tiÄ n gà © (Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦   ¼) and the given name is called dà ¬ gà © (Ã¥Å" °Ã¦   ¼). There is also the rà ©n gà © (ä º ºÃ¦   ¼) which is the family name and the first character of the given name. The name in total is called the zhÃ… ng gà © (Ã¥ ¿  Ã¦   ¼). The total number of strokes of the zhÃ… ng gà © should equal 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 45, 47, 48, 52, 63, 65, 67, 68, 73, or 81. In addition to the number of strokes, the Chinese name must be balanced in terms of Yin and Yang. The characters of the name should match one of these patterns: Yang Yang YinYin Yin YangYang Yin YinYin Yang Yang When considering whether the family name (tiÄ n gà ©) is Yin or Yang, the number of strokes is always increased by one.

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer Essay INCIDENCE Breast Cancer Essay is the most common malignancy among women and has the highest fatality rate of all cancers affecting this sex. It is the leading cause of death among women aged 35-54. In 1999 an estimated 175,000 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. That is one woman every three minutes. At the same time 43,000 will die, at the rate of one every two minutes. The incidence of men diagnosed with breast cancer is rare, however it does occur. Approximately 1,300 men a year are diagnosed, and 400 die annually due to the disease. A total of 75% of all breast cancers occur in women with no known risk factors. 80% of breast cancers occur in women aged 50 and up. The mortality rate would decrease if every woman over 50 was informed and followed guidelines. When confined to the breast, the survival rate is 95%. Studies have shown that more white women than black women get breast cancer, however more black women die of breast cancer because they are not diagnosed at an early stage. SIGNS AND SYMPTONS Most breast cancers appear as a slowly growing, painless mass, though a vague discomfort may be present. Physical signs include a retracted nipple, bleeding from the nipple, distorted areola or breast contour, skin dimpling over the lesion, attachment of the mass to surrounding tissues including the underlying fascia and overlying skin, and enlarged lymph nodes. In most advanced stages of the disease the skin nodules with ultimate breakdown and ulcer formation may be seen. Metastases should be sought immediately so that further spread will not be a factor. Among the common sites of metastases are the lungs and pleura, the skeleton (specifically the spine, pelvis, and skull), and the liver. Whenever possible, distant spread of the disease should be confirmed by a lymph nose biopsy, by x-ray, or by liver and bone scans using radioactive isotopes. WHO IS AT RISK? All women and men are at risk of getting breast cancer. However personal history with family members having breast cancer adds an increase to the risk factor. Contradictory to this though studies have shown that 75% of breast cancer occurs in women with no history and no known risk factors. Not ever having children, or having ones first child after 30 yrs., also increases the risk of breast cancer in women. Heavy alcohol abuse is a risk factor as well. Studies have also shown that women who began menstruation early, twelve years or less, and women who began menopause late, fifty-five years plus, also have a greater risk of breast cancer. PREVENTION There are three ways to attempt to detect prevention, however since there is no cure, one cannot determine what actions to take to prevent. The most common technique for early detection is by a regular doctors examination. The second technique at detecting breast cancer is by a breast self-examination (BSE), and lastly, by mammogram. BSE should begin when a woman is eighteen or older, so that the breast is fully developed. During the BSE women should begin to learn what is normal and what is not in their breasts. Mammography is the best method at detecting breast cancer. A woman should have a mammogram when she is 40 yrs. old, and then one every two years until she is 50 yrs. old. Once a woman is 50 yrs. old she should have a mammogram annually because as ones age increases, so does the risk of getting breast cancer. Many women also need to be educated about the risks of breast cancer and how to detect it early. The majority of women with breast cancer do not know about the fortunateness of detecting breast cancer early, never mind follow the detection guidelines. TREATMENT Therapy depends mainly on the extent of the disease and the patients age. If there is evidence of wider metastasic spread, treatment will be palliative. This means that treatment will lessen the severity of pain, however it will not cure. READ: Israel Economy Essay When there is no evidence of spread, the treatment of choice is total mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy. This is an entire or partial removal of the affected breast. In the best circumstances, the 10 yr. .

Human Resource Organizational Development in a Company Research Paper

Human Resource Organizational Development in a Company - Research Paper Example olo Machiavelli once said that â€Å"There is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things† (Hitt, 1988, p. 20). This paper therefore is a discussion of the essential elements in implementing organizational change, the role of the human resource during change, and a brief on the factors that brings change. Organizational development (OD) is about a long-term change that involves either the entire system or a sub-system of an organization towards more productivity. It necessitates dealing with culture and learning and of change agents internally and externally. The OD is a â€Å"change management strategy† known to be based on behavioral sciences that looks into the purposes and roles of the people and the organization for a better efficiency and productivity using â€Å"human and social processes† (Wamwangi, 2003, p.2). The OD practice develops â€Å"continuing capacity for learning and deepening understanding through practice† (Polotan-dela Cruz, 2008, p.4) Since 1950s, three change models have been known and applied by OD professionals in accordance to the development goal of the institution. One of the famous is Kurt Lewin’s change management model which concentrates on three developmental stages: unfreeze, change, and freeze. The unfreezing stage happens during organizational diagnosis when data shows discrepancies of organizational behavior or output desired versus what is currently exhibited (Cummings and Worley, 1993, p.53). Change stage is the process of introducing and developing the desired behavior while the freezing stage is the establishment of mechanisms like policies and new organizational structures to sustain the attained changes on behavior and attitudes. The other famous change model is the planning model by Lippitt, Watson, and Westley which approach is on the viewpoint of the external OD agent. This model with seven stages that includes scouting, entry,

Models of decision making and problem solving Essay

Models of decision making and problem solving - Essay Example Decision making is about choosing from several options or ideas and taking action to generate a particular result. It is usually considered to be a rational and logical thinking process. It is defined as a process of choosing a course of action for dealing with a problem or opportunity (Schmerhorn, 2003, p 174). Problem solving is one of the steps involved in decision making. Decision making is a part of everyday life for all of us. However this essay is confined to analysis of the process of decision making in an organizational context. In an organization, decision making is one of the key managerial activities. Decisions taken in a timely manner, making optimum use of information and a sound implementation are the hallmarks of organizations which perform effectively. This essay covers aspects of decision making processes in an organization and the models which can be used to describe them. The roles of creativity in individual as well as organization decision making, intuition, gro up and collaborative decision making and leadership that makes the decision making and problem solving in organizations efficient is also discussed.It is important to understand the context under which decisions are made in the organization. Decision making within organization can be broadly classified as happening at four levels. The first is the long-term strategic decision making process. ... The operations level managers will be involved. Speed and implementation of decisions will be very important here. Very often problems to be solved will be routine in nature. The last is the corrective decisions that an organization will have to make based on the monitoring it does of its decisions and the feedback that it receives through such monitoring. Another type of classification on the decisions within an organization are those that can be differentiated as programmed decisions , those which are routine and can be solved by standard methods and the other un-programmed, those which cannot be solved by routine responses, but which require tailor made solutions. Decisions are usually made by managers as individuals, but in organizations, the particular decisions or policies chosen by decision-makers can often be explained through organizational culture and practices. These practices may be decision making by committees and groups, or by adopting fixed or standard operating procedures. Culture of the organization will decide whether decisions are taken autocratically, creatively or through participation. Decisions are often not made by an individual alone in an organization alone. Decisions are made through a complex set of interaction between different people at different parts (functions) and levels of organizations, since the stakeholders of the outcome of decisions will be many. In real life in organizations it is rare to find decision making and other processes where social and political activity does not play a significant part (Teale et al, 2003, p 289). Decision making depends upon the environment under which decisions are made. Schermerhorn, (2003, ch. 17) describes these as certain, risky and uncertain environment. "Certain"

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman -- Charlotte Perkins

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman's, "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a partial autobiography. It was written shortly after the author suffered a nervous breakdown. This story was written to help save people from being driven crazy. Appropriately, this short story is about a mentally disturbed woman and her husband's attempts to help her get well. He does so by convincing her that solitude and constant bed rest is the best way to cure her problem. She is not allowed to write or do anything that would require thinking. The woman is restricted to a room where she slowly begins to go insane. Atrocious yellow wallpaper covers this room and it aids in her insanity. The woman is writing the story to express her insane thoughts against her husband's will. "The Yellow Wallpaper" begins with the narrator talking about her illness. She informs the reader that her husband, John, is a physician and he believes she is not even sick. This may lead the reader to believe that she really is not sick also. She even says herself "I am glad my case is not serious!" It is revealed soon that she is writing this story to us, the readers, in secret. She feels comfortable writing on the paper and it relieves her. In the story she says, "I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind." This gives the reader and the narrator a very strong connection. For the reader is the only one to know her deepest thoughts. Throughout the entire story, John controls his wife in a loving but dominant way. According to him, he knows what is best for her. There is even a time where ... ...pressing herself and her story of insanity. "The Yellow Wallpaper" presents readers with story of a woman's insanity. It tells how women were disregarded at times and treated like frail children at others. Ultimately, Jane realized that she held control over her own life. It was her responsibility to relieve her stress and tell her story. This is a story of seclusion and escape. "The Yellow Wallpaper," being highly autobiographical for Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was written shortly after her own nervous breakdown. The story is part reality for her and part fiction focusing on the treatment that Dr. S. Weir Mitchell enforced upon her which was rest, seclusion, and absolutely no writing, which is what she loved the most. Her story is a stepping-stone in helping to understand depression, liberating women, and expression.

The NetVis Module: Exploring its Web Site and its Uses

The NetVis Module is no doubt a power-packed web-based tool that illustrates the development of social network analysis. Moreover, the said tool presents a lot of opportunities to those who has a need for it when it comes to analysis and visualization of the relationships within a defined set of persons, groups, etc. As an example, Wayne Baker (2000) stressed the importance of network analysis to identify and build strong team relationships, which would in turn result to organizational success. Network Analysis, according to Noel Tichy et. al (1979), â€Å"is concerned with the structure and patterning of these relationships and seeks to identify both their causes and consequences†. Social Network Analyis or SNA, having its foundation in classical sociology and later on integrated with social scientific and mathematical problem solutions, has been used or applied in various areas of study such as kinship structure, social mobility, and class structure (Scott, 1988). With the NetVis Module today, along with other related software tools found on the site’s resources page, SNA has been more encompassing covering almost all areas such as discovering key opinion leaders, community economic development (InFlow SNA Software for Organizations), building a grassroot political campaign and finding emergent leaders in a fast growing company (Orgnet.com). With this, the impression I got was that all areas of study relative to SNA are possible. This impression arose as I was exploring the site. First, I think exploring the site is quite easy. Just by clicking a button, I could perform a task or go to a page I want to view. For example, the links on the resources page clearly outline the different SNA software tools and what they could do. The web sites linked to the NetVis site provide a wider and a more diverse perspective on how SNA works in different fields of application. However, contrary to the ease of use is the difficulty in understanding the technical terms of the NetVis Module. This would lead me to my second point, which I would like to talk more about. With all the technical jargons, I think the NetVis site is designed for technical experts or professionals who have a need for the software. Technical knowledge or at the least familiarity in mathematical sequences, statistics and other related topic areas is a prerequisite   in order to maximize the use of this tool. Although there is an explanation box for each â€Å"heavy† term such as geodesics, transitivity, split value, etc., it is still difficult to analyze and/or interpret data coming from the point of view of a novice. To further my point, I tried the NetVis Module Tutorial. I followed each step, reading instructions carefully and revising my input data before I could get an analysis and a network visualization. What I did was create two social networks with five members for each group. These were, in reality, my two sets of friends. The â€Å"meta tag† I used was secret sharing wherein the question to be asked for each member is â€Å"How much information do you share with ____?† Collecting the matrix data using an improvised five-point scale and following the rest of the instructions, I was ready and pretty excited to view the analysis and visualization of my sample social networks. Before making a full interpretation, I needed to understand first the tools for analysis because it is hard to derive a conclusion just by looking at all the data matrices. I checked all the definitions for degree, betweenness and closeness centrality. I gave special attention to the definitions of density, transitivity, structural holes and split value. I also checked the sub-tools for analysis such as constraint, effective size, efficiency, hierarchy, reachability, shortest path and so on. Finally, the over-all conclusion I got was that the first social network or the members of my first set of friends are more closely-knit (based on the answers that members of this group share â€Å"secrets† or personal and sensitive information with each other more often) compared to the members of the other group. This was primarily illustrated by the higher values in bridges, ties and shortest path between each pair of â€Å"actors† and among all members of the group. However, it is also worth noting that the difference in values between the two groups is not that big (0.2 to 0.3 difference only). I found the results interesting because it is through this tool that I realized that my friends coming from two different groups have trust and confidence with each other on the basis of sharing personal and sensitive information. For a student, this is one practical use of the NetVis Module. In fact, I am looking forward to do more â€Å"experiments† using this tool—creating other social networks with the integration of other factors such as geographical distance, which I have not included in my first trial. I could also try to analyze a larger group and see who the key players are or who plays the role of a leader. This could be done by looking at the core and periphery actors or members of the group. I could also try to find out who among the members of a group are â€Å"somewhat unreachable† (no path exists) by other members. Aside from those mentioned, there are still lots to demonstrate about the relationships among members of a particular group. These are just some of the things I would like to look into. Apart from personal use, I think the NetVis Module, with its relatively intricate procedures and tools for analysis, is primarily designed for organizations and institutions advancing certain academic, business, social, political, cultural, and economic purpose. I think that this is one limitation of this web-based tool—not everybody could use it. Of course I understand that this is not really for everyone. It is distributed for free with the hope that it would be helpful to those who need it. But maybe, just maybe, the NetVis Module could expand its range by making a similar SNA and visualization tool designed for a more personal use. References Baker, W. E. (2000). Teams as Networks: Using Network Analysis for Team Development. Humax Publications. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.humax.net/teams.html Scott, J. (1988). Sociology. SAGE Journals, 22, 109-127. Tichy, N. M., Tushman, M. L., Fombrun, C. (1979). Social Network Analysis for Organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 4, 507-519.