Charlotte Brontes character, Jane Eyre, is a young orphan girl Essay Example For Students

Charlotte Brontes character, Jane Eyre, is a young orphan girl Essay Charlotte Brontes character, Jane Eyre, is a young orphan girl. She has been provided with accommodation at Gateshead hall. She lives with her much-detested aunt and her privileged yet extremely loathsome cousins John, Georgiana and Eliza. The reason she lives with them is because it was the dying wish of her uncle reed, who is established as a benevolent character. Jane is treated badly by all at Gateshead hall apart from a servant named Bessie. Janes emotions as a character are established very, there is a great contrast in her emotions. To begin she shows sorrow and hatred. These treatments are shown due to the treatment Jane constantly endures from aunt Reed and John Reed. To begin Mrs reed is clearly a malevolent character and shows this by her bad treatments. Mrs reed excludes Jane from socialising with herself and her own kin, Mrs reed regrets regrets to be under the necessity of keeping Jane at a distanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Jane sees this as an opportunity to indulge in pleasures of her own. However, Jane states that Mrs reed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦really must exclude her from privileges-only contended for happy, little children. Moving on to the terrible treatment Jane receives from her cousin John Reed. John frequently inflicts mental and physical abuse upon Janes fragile character. Jane endures the continuous tyranny from her corrupt cousin for several years. There is one main incident in which Jane breaks out and defends hers elf from the constant intimidation. Eliza and Georgiana are not as cruel to Jane as her aunt and cousin and therefore Jane does not despise them that greatly. The incident in which Charlotte Bronte establishes the character of Jane Eyre best is when she shows a change in Janes mood. Jane had been excluded by the Reeds and had found pleasure in a book. Nevertheless, John discovers Janes hide out and begins to question her. When John finally receives information of what Jane had been doing reading he shows an envious character. He demands the book saying, You have no business to take our books. Then as Jane was expecting, he hurls the volume towards her knocking her to the ground and causing her head to split. Jane finally does not submit to anymore violence and throws herself at John spitting with fury and showing all her rage. She is immediately halted and is then exiled to the eerie Red Room by the orders of Mrs Reed. The red room used to be the sleeping chambers of her now deceased Uncle Reed it also contains his deathbed which all petrified Jane. Charlotte Bronte establishes the fearful character of Jane Eyre in this section of the novel by using ghostly setting and a character that is hardly in the novel. Janes broad imagination obtains her body as she gasps as what she believes to be her late uncles eternal spirit. Her fear sends her body into a hysterical fit, which then is succumbed into a deep slumber. In the  opening chapters of the novel it holds a miserable and very gloomy setting to it. This is all done by the fact that Jane lives in Gateshead Hall were she is treated unwell. The estate may be portrayed as grand and lavish yet it has a dreary shadow cast over it. This is because of the poor treatment she receives and the lack of companionship she has to treasure at Gateshead Hall. However this is all stopped as Jane is finally separated from Gateshead as she is sent to Lowood charity school for girls. As much as Lowood is deprived of the luxuries Gateshead hall bears, it still holds a brighter atmosphere because it is very much adored by Jane. Charlotte uses the technique of setting here to establish character very well, she uses a school as Jane enjoys learning and expanding her knowledge she uses other girls to show Janes friendly character. .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 , .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .postImageUrl , .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 , .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906:hover , .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906:visited , .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906:active { border:0!important; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906:active , .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906 .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6278d3728482f20e624f63411aa1b906:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Age Of Innocence EssayThe Novel holds the strong theme of love; this is highlighted well when Jane is at Lowood. However the love genre does not fall into romantic love but the love of others close companions. It shows the reaction of Jane to feel the love of Helen burns, Helen bestows Jane with the affection of a caring sister. The gentle and warm Miss Temple provides the same love and compassion to Jane in the form of a mother. This is the first love Jane has ever felt and certainly the first received. It portrays a very new character in Jane; she begins to show happiness and changes to a character with broader emotions not just hatred, now she shows love care for others and compassion. This is all because her acquaintances, Helen and Miss Temple treat her exceedingly affably. Janes character is unanticipated for the time the novel is written in. The usual rule of children being seen but not heard does not follow Janes behaviour. Jane shows resilience in particular chapters of the novel. She displays it against Mr Brocklehurst, Mrs Reed and John. As she is female, she shows a surprising character for that era of time. I was not interested in the book when we began reading. However, my interest grew as Charlotte Bronte began sculpting into a different character with mixed emotions. As the class continued reading the novel and my understanding broadened that Jane does not change scenery as much as I may have hoped. I wish the novel would also fall into the genre of adventure on certain occasions. Yet I still realise the skill involved in the novel and Brontes fascinating imagination also being dedicated. To conclude my piece of writing I think that Bronte establishes the character of Jane Eyre very well. She establishes the character of Jane by exploring how Jane reacts to other character, which is very genius. She also uses the setting very creatively and the events of Janes life also establish her character.

Research Literacy Health Practice

Question: Discuss about the Research Literacy for Health Practice. Answer: Introduction: Azidothymidine (AZT) or Zidovudine (ZDV) is an antiretroviral medication that is used for the treatment and prevention of AIDS/HIV. It helps in the treatment by reducing the viral replication that brings improvement in the blood tests and symptoms. It is also used in the prevention of transmission of HIV from the mother to the child. Although AZT slows the progression of AIDS in the patients by reducing the replication of HIV, it does not stop it completely (Kanters et al., 2016). The HIV becomes AZT-resistant with the progress of time and therefore, it is used in conjunction with the other medications of anti-HIV in the form of a combination therapy known as highly active antiretroviral therapy. The treatment of AIDS has undergone a drastic change in the past twenty years as the treatment options and knowledge has increased drastically. The combination therapy of antiretroviral medications delays the progression of AIDS but do possess substantial adverse effects and complications (A rts Hazuda, 2012). WHO has laid down guidelines for the AZT therapy for delivering comprehensive HIV care in the public health approach. The guidelines are focused on maximizing the survival of the population by standardized sequencing of the therapy delivered by simplified approaches and is supported by basic laboratory and clinical monitoring (World Health Organization, 2013). This assignment is aimed at providing recommendations for the funding of a health intervention of adopting AZT therapy for the HIV treatment for the indigenous population of Australia through critical appraisal of research articles. The tools used for the purpose are CASP tool and the Onemda Critical Appraisal Tool for critically appraising the articles. The literature search was carried out for the peer-reviewed journals and research articles on the topic of adopting AZT therapy for the treatment of HIV. The quality of the searched articles was determined by their ability to reflect on the research topic and the critical appraisal was compared with other similar articles to gain a broader knowledge on the research topic. Five academic databases were employed for the literature search that included Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library. Only the empirical research papers that were published in English were selected for the study to recognize the international debate on the topic. The search period included for the study included recent articles from the last six years and the data collection tool for the inclusion and exclusion criteria was PRISMA tool. The search terms used for the study were Azidothymidine (AZT) therapy, HIV and indigenous population. The exclusion criteria included articles that were not within the study period, not focused on the research topic and not in English. The first article used for the literature review was Antiretroviral treatment use, co-morbidities and clinical outcomes among Aboriginal participants in the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) by Templeton et al. (2015). The researchers provided a clear statement about the aims of the research and since there was a dearth of publications regarding the co-morbidities and clinical outcomes of the Indigenous Australians suffering from HIV, the authors carried out this study. The study described the use of antiretroviral medications like AZT among the HIV patients of the indigenous population of Australia and compared the outcomes with the non-indigenous participants with the consideration of the demographic factors. A prospective cohort study was carried out at 27 AHOD (Australian HIV Observation Database) sites that included sexual health clinics, general practice clinics and tertiary referral centers. The patients were selected in a non-random manner and it ruled out the chan ces of biases. Ethical approval was obtained from the human research ethics committee of Australia and the relevant review boards. Development of study procedures was done in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Although it did not include the ethical approval of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, the researchers had the written informed consent from the participating patients. Quantitative research design was employed for the study and it was appropriate as it gave an accurate outcome of the use of cART (combination Antiretroviral Therapy) with medications like AZT and the comparative results were appropriately derived. 3894 participants were recruited to the study by March 2013 and included 20 sites of AHOD. The Indigenous status was present for 2197 participants. This recruitment strategy was appropriate to support the aims of the research as it aimed to study the use of the cART among the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. Data collection was carried prior to and during the research study. Clinical and demographic data were collected during enrolment and the various laboratory data were collected during the study to demonstrate the efficacy of the treatment. Data collection method was appropriate enough to address the research topic during the post-cART initiation for 24 months. However, in the study, the relationship between the participants and the researcher was not adequately considered. This was practically not possible considering the huge number of participants from both the indigenous and non-indigenous communities. The data analysis was sufficiently rigorous considering the fact that descriptive statistics was employed for comparing the clinical information and patient demographics between the non-indigenous and indigenous AHOD participants. Apart from these, chi-square tests and t-tests were done for the categorical and continuous variables. This signifies the depth of the analysis carried out by the researchers for understanding the effect of the cART on both the types of participants. The statement of findings was stated in the discussion part and the clinical outcomes from the result were elaborated. Virological suppression was considered the most effective measure for the successful response to the applied cART. From the study, it was found that virological suppression was found in more than 80% of the participants who were treated with cART like AZT. This research was valuable for several reasons. This is because the study not only reflected good care engagement in care from its successfu l virological suppression, but also demonstrated the fact that there were very little or no differences in results between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. This suggests that cART can be successfully utilized for the treatment of indigenous population of Australia suffering from HIV infections. However, the researchers have also pointed an important fact that adherence is the most important predictor that plays a crucial role in the virological suppression among the patients of HIV. Poor adherence can lead to reduce the durability of the regimen by causing drug resistance. These important findings from this study that has to be kept in consideration while designing the AZT therapy for the indigenous population in Australia. Another study was carried out by Dempsey et al. (2015) titled Improving treatment outcomes for HIV-positive Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at Cairns Sexual Health using the treatment cascade as a model and reflected on the activities of the multidisciplinary team of the health professionals of the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders for improving their treatment outcomes. The study had a clear statement of the aim of the research as it targeted to implement the treatment cascade as the model for gauging the success for the improvement of the outcomes of health of the indigenous patients suffering from HIV. The researchers focused on meeting adequately the client needs regarding service engagement, initiation, followed by adherence to ART (Antiretroviral Therapy). Qualitative methodology was used for carrying out this study as the intern pharmacists of the clinic carried out an audit by carrying out interviews of the indigenous HIV patients visiting the clinic. T he interview process helped in getting clear idea of the engagement of the HIV patients with the ART like AZT or non-adherence of the patients with the therapy. The research design was appropriate to address the aim of the research since the study had limited number of cases and qualitative studies are the best possible method for providing the individual case information. The study included 25 patients from the clinic who were HIV positive and belonged to the indigenous community. The recruitment strategy was appropriate for the study as it aimed at improving the treatment outcomes of the indigenous HIV patients and recruited the patients on the basis of the fact that 22 patients received ART, 20 engaged in cure and 16 cases were undetectable. Data collection was conducted for a period of 12 months and towards the end of the study, the study population rose to 29 patients with 27 males and 2 females. Data collection from the patient interview gave essential feedback from the patients that reflected on the facilitators and barriers of the treatment, especially with the use of the ART. Therefore, it addressed the research issue significantly as it helped to identify the treatment shortfalls and provided remedies for overcoming them. However, in the study, the relationship between the researcher and the participants has been considered as it helped them to conduct the interview and collect the data. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Cairn s Hospital and Health Services. The data analysis was sufficiently rigorous as it interpreted comparative results between the patients of the clinic and Australia wide prevalence of the factors like % engaged in care, % undetectable and % on ART. It also demonstrated the study progress over the time for the similar variables to represent the improvement in treatment outcome from the study. The statement of findings clearly stated that those patients who needed the maximum care for the treatment of HIV remained in ART for better outcomes. This makes the research valuable as it pointed out the fact that ART with AZT can be valuable in the treatment of HIV for the indigenous patients and adherence to the treatment is essential to improve the treatment outcomes. To support the findings from both these studies, there are several other articles which demonstrated similar traits. Cohen et al. (2016) carried out a study titled Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission where ART (with AZT) was offered to the patients who suffered from HIV-1 infection. The study assigned 1763 participants from nine countries where the couples were assigned randomly to two study groups. Statistical analysis was carried to analyze the study findings. From the recent reports, it is obvious that early initiation of the AZT therapy or ART can help to reduce the HIV-1 complications and preserve the immune function. From the study, it was found that apart from these advantages, ART helped to provide health benefits to the study participants on whom the treatment was applied. This study was important from the aspect that it gave a detailed account of the application of ART on the HIV patients on the patients of several countries of the world. ART was found to have public health benefits in the treatment of HIV. To provide momentum to the results of the study, univariate and multivariate analysis of the collected data was also carried out along with the baseline study. This in-depth analysis ensured the fact that ART can be successfully used for the treatment of HIV. Another opinion study was carried out by Laskey Siliciano (2014) A mechanistic theory to explain the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy for proposing a fundamental theory for explaining the mechanistic basis of the cART (with AZT). The study provided an in-depth knowledge of the cART and the theory of its efficacy with respect to the dose-response relationship. From the study, it has been found that the greatest obstacle is drug resistance for the treatment of HIV-1. The study have argued that the median effect model is the best fit method for the description of the dose-response relationship of the ART as the efficacy of ART gets reflected from the slope parameter . This study has been of importance for the fact that it not only provided the importance of ART in the treatment of HIV but it also focused on the resistance mutations which is of utmost importance for framing the treatment regime for HIV. Adherence to the treatment is important to prevent drug resistance with antiretroviral therapy. Broder (2010) conducted a similar study titled The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic that is aimed at providing public health benefit with ART (with AZT). The researcher has extensively reviewed the studies since the era of the appearance of HIV-1 when it was considered untreatable. Since then, there have been significant changes in the treatment of the disease and ART is now no more limited to the resource-rich countries but also have it in the medical care of the resource poor countries. The researcher has also predicted the future of the treatment of HIV-1 with ART and has recommended that much research is required to transfer the knowledge from the laboratory to clinical practice for making the treatment more efficient without adverse effects. This article has also been important from the fact that it has focused not only on the treatment of HIV-1 but also considered the arenas of genetic diversity and viral drug resistance that are important from the perspectives of ART. Paradigm shifts has been proposed by the author against the host restriction factors and new viral targets or both of them that are essential while considering the treatment options with ART. Considering the recommendations from all the articles that have been critically analyzed, a comparative study can be conducted. Templeton et al. recommended that adherence has been one of the most important and predominant factors for the treatment of HIV-1 and poor adherence can lead to the development of drug resistance and reduce the durability of the regimen for the indigenous Australians. A similar recommendation was put forward by Dempsey et al. who further added the fact that the indigenous people who have newly diagnosed with the disease should remain in care with ART. Consecutively, the studies by Cohen et al., Laskey Siliciano and Broder had similar views on the treatment of HIV with AZT therapy and discussed the efficacy of the therapy in controlling the pandemic. The recommendations from these studies had a similar view that ART or AZT therapy is highly effective in the treatment of HIV among the indigenous population of Australia and precautions should be taken to conti nue the therapy without discontinuation. Recommendation An extensive literature search was carried out for establishing the efficacy of AZT therapy for the treatment of HIV and has been listed in Appendix 1. AZT is recommended in combination with the other anti-HIV medications for the treatment of HIV but not for curing it. It has also been found effective in the prevention of the mother to child transmission of HIV during childbirth and pregnancy (Lenzi, Wiens Pontarolo, 2015). Since monotherapy leads to the development of drug resistance, AZT should be used in combination therapy and it is absolutely safe for the fetus and the pregnant women. Arguably, it can be said that AZT has some severe adverse drug reactions like bone marrow toxicity, anemia, hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis, it can be prevented by close monitoring of the patients if the symptoms start to appear (Creagh, 2013). Therefore, it is recommended for the government department to fund the health intervention of adopting AZT therapy for the treatment of HIV for the indigenous Australians and the health workers should take initiatives to initiate the intervention in the respective indigenous communities in Australia. References Arts, E. J., Hazuda, D. J. (2012). HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine,2(4), a007161. Broder, S. (2010). The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic.Antiviral research,85(1), 1-18. Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., ... Godbole, S. V. (2016). Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.New England Journal of Medicine,375(9), 830-839. Creagh, T. H. (2013). We can illustrate an ambispective cohort study with our multicenter intensive postmarketing surveillance study which follows a group of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease treated with zidovudine (RETROVIR8, AZT).] In late 1987, we began identifying every patient ever presenting with a diagnosis of HIV.Drug Epidemiology and Post-Marketing Surveillance,224, 53. Dempsey, M., Elliott, M., Gorton, C., Leamy, J., Yeganeh, S., Scott, K. (2015). Improving treatment outcomes for HIV-positive Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at Cairns Sexual Health using the treatment cascade as a model.HIV Australia,13(3), 36. Kanters, S., Vitoria, M., Doherty, M., Socias, M. E., Ford, N., Forrest, J. I., ... Mills, E. J. (2016). Comparative efficacy and safety of first-line antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.The Lancet HIV. Laskey, S. B., Siliciano, R. F. (2014). A mechanistic theory to explain the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy.Nature Reviews Microbiology,12(11), 772-780. Lenzi, L., Wiens, A., Pontarolo, R. (2015). Comparison of antiretroviral schemes used in initial therapy for treatment of HIV/Aids.Acta Biomdica Brasiliensia,4(1), 67-73. Templeton, D. J., Wright, S. T., McManus, H., Lawrence, C., Russell, D. B., Law, M. G., Petoumenos, K. (2015). Antiretroviral treatment use, co-morbidities and clinical outcomes among Aboriginal participants in the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD).BMC infectious diseases,15(1), 1. World Health Organization. (2013). Global update on HIV treatment 2013: results, impact and opportunities.

Unemployment Essay Example

Unemployment Essay Unemployment rate refers to the percentage of people within the available labour force who do not have jobs and are actively looking for one (Boyes Melvin, 2005). Unemployment rates cannot be reduced to zero, which means every economy has some level of unemployment. However, these unemployment rates are of different natures and each has different causes. Various measures have been suggested as remedies for reducing unemployment. Unemployment could also be defined as explained in the dictionary of economics as the state of an individual looking for a paying job but not having one. Unemployment occurs when people face crisis in job opportunities due to the unpredictable nature of the economy. However, without determining the type of unemployment and its causes it is difficult to determine suitable solutions that will reduce the situation. The types of unemployment and their causes are explained below (Hughes Perlman, 1984). Unemployment is one of the major economic problems. People who are considered unemployed are those who are seeking work or lay off for more than a week. There are many different reasons why a person could be unemployed. The government tries to find solutions in order to reduce unemployment by making up policies. The unemployment problem began in the 1990s. First, it resulted from the restructuring of economy. In the period of planned economy, the large-scale corporation is the most common production organization. But to the market economy, the most common one is the individual or small-scale corporation. The workers from the large-scale firms cannot adapt themselves to the production form of the individual or small-scale ones. Therefore, in terms of a certain way, the large quantity of unemployment is the cost of the increase of the efficiencies of Chinese economy, or we can regard this as the cost of the change from planned economy to the market one. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For the goal of the restructuring, the society should decrease the quantity of the employment to increase the efficiency. Second, to construct the modern corporation system, the forms of the employing should meet the need of market economics competition, changing from plan-decided to market-decided. In industrialized countries in which most people can earn a living only by working for others, being unable to find a job is a serious problem. Because of its human costs in deprivation and a feeling of rejection and personal failure, the extent of unemployment is widely used as a measure of workers welfare. The proportion of workers unemployed also shows how well a nations human resources are used and serves as an index of economic activity. Economists have described the types of unemployment as frictional, structural, seasonal and cyclical.

Choosing a Chinese Name by Number of Strokes

Choosing a Chinese Name by Number of Strokes The art of choosing a Chinese name takes several things into consideration, such as the meanings of the characters, the elements they represent, and the number of strokes. When all of these factors are combined in a harmonious fashion, the result is an auspicious name that will bring good fortune to the bearer. Chinese characters are defined as either Yin or Yang depending on their number of strokes. Strokes are the individual pen movements that are required to draw a character. For example, the character ä º º (person) has two strokes, and the character Ã¥ ¤ © (heaven) has four strokes. Characters which have an even number of strokes are considered Yin, and characters with an odd number of strokes are Yang. The Chinese Name - Zhong Ge A Chinese name usually has three characters – the family name (a single character) and the given name (two characters). The family name is called tiÄ n gà © (Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦   ¼) and the given name is called dà ¬ gà © (Ã¥Å" °Ã¦   ¼). There is also the rà ©n gà © (ä º ºÃ¦   ¼) which is the family name and the first character of the given name. The name in total is called the zhÃ… ng gà © (Ã¥ ¿  Ã¦   ¼). The total number of strokes of the zhÃ… ng gà © should equal 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 45, 47, 48, 52, 63, 65, 67, 68, 73, or 81. In addition to the number of strokes, the Chinese name must be balanced in terms of Yin and Yang. The characters of the name should match one of these patterns: Yang Yang YinYin Yin YangYang Yin YinYin Yang Yang When considering whether the family name (tiÄ n gà ©) is Yin or Yang, the number of strokes is always increased by one.

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer Essay INCIDENCE Breast Cancer Essay is the most common malignancy among women and has the highest fatality rate of all cancers affecting this sex. It is the leading cause of death among women aged 35-54. In 1999 an estimated 175,000 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. That is one woman every three minutes. At the same time 43,000 will die, at the rate of one every two minutes. The incidence of men diagnosed with breast cancer is rare, however it does occur. Approximately 1,300 men a year are diagnosed, and 400 die annually due to the disease. A total of 75% of all breast cancers occur in women with no known risk factors. 80% of breast cancers occur in women aged 50 and up. The mortality rate would decrease if every woman over 50 was informed and followed guidelines. When confined to the breast, the survival rate is 95%. Studies have shown that more white women than black women get breast cancer, however more black women die of breast cancer because they are not diagnosed at an early stage. SIGNS AND SYMPTONS Most breast cancers appear as a slowly growing, painless mass, though a vague discomfort may be present. Physical signs include a retracted nipple, bleeding from the nipple, distorted areola or breast contour, skin dimpling over the lesion, attachment of the mass to surrounding tissues including the underlying fascia and overlying skin, and enlarged lymph nodes. In most advanced stages of the disease the skin nodules with ultimate breakdown and ulcer formation may be seen. Metastases should be sought immediately so that further spread will not be a factor. Among the common sites of metastases are the lungs and pleura, the skeleton (specifically the spine, pelvis, and skull), and the liver. Whenever possible, distant spread of the disease should be confirmed by a lymph nose biopsy, by x-ray, or by liver and bone scans using radioactive isotopes. WHO IS AT RISK? All women and men are at risk of getting breast cancer. However personal history with family members having breast cancer adds an increase to the risk factor. Contradictory to this though studies have shown that 75% of breast cancer occurs in women with no history and no known risk factors. Not ever having children, or having ones first child after 30 yrs., also increases the risk of breast cancer in women. Heavy alcohol abuse is a risk factor as well. Studies have also shown that women who began menstruation early, twelve years or less, and women who began menopause late, fifty-five years plus, also have a greater risk of breast cancer. PREVENTION There are three ways to attempt to detect prevention, however since there is no cure, one cannot determine what actions to take to prevent. The most common technique for early detection is by a regular doctors examination. The second technique at detecting breast cancer is by a breast self-examination (BSE), and lastly, by mammogram. BSE should begin when a woman is eighteen or older, so that the breast is fully developed. During the BSE women should begin to learn what is normal and what is not in their breasts. Mammography is the best method at detecting breast cancer. A woman should have a mammogram when she is 40 yrs. old, and then one every two years until she is 50 yrs. old. Once a woman is 50 yrs. old she should have a mammogram annually because as ones age increases, so does the risk of getting breast cancer. Many women also need to be educated about the risks of breast cancer and how to detect it early. The majority of women with breast cancer do not know about the fortunateness of detecting breast cancer early, never mind follow the detection guidelines. TREATMENT Therapy depends mainly on the extent of the disease and the patients age. If there is evidence of wider metastasic spread, treatment will be palliative. This means that treatment will lessen the severity of pain, however it will not cure. READ: Israel Economy Essay When there is no evidence of spread, the treatment of choice is total mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy. This is an entire or partial removal of the affected breast. In the best circumstances, the 10 yr. .

Human Resource Organizational Development in a Company Research Paper

Human Resource Organizational Development in a Company - Research Paper Example olo Machiavelli once said that â€Å"There is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things† (Hitt, 1988, p. 20). This paper therefore is a discussion of the essential elements in implementing organizational change, the role of the human resource during change, and a brief on the factors that brings change. Organizational development (OD) is about a long-term change that involves either the entire system or a sub-system of an organization towards more productivity. It necessitates dealing with culture and learning and of change agents internally and externally. The OD is a â€Å"change management strategy† known to be based on behavioral sciences that looks into the purposes and roles of the people and the organization for a better efficiency and productivity using â€Å"human and social processes† (Wamwangi, 2003, p.2). The OD practice develops â€Å"continuing capacity for learning and deepening understanding through practice† (Polotan-dela Cruz, 2008, p.4) Since 1950s, three change models have been known and applied by OD professionals in accordance to the development goal of the institution. One of the famous is Kurt Lewin’s change management model which concentrates on three developmental stages: unfreeze, change, and freeze. The unfreezing stage happens during organizational diagnosis when data shows discrepancies of organizational behavior or output desired versus what is currently exhibited (Cummings and Worley, 1993, p.53). Change stage is the process of introducing and developing the desired behavior while the freezing stage is the establishment of mechanisms like policies and new organizational structures to sustain the attained changes on behavior and attitudes. The other famous change model is the planning model by Lippitt, Watson, and Westley which approach is on the viewpoint of the external OD agent. This model with seven stages that includes scouting, entry,

Models of decision making and problem solving Essay

Models of decision making and problem solving - Essay Example Decision making is about choosing from several options or ideas and taking action to generate a particular result. It is usually considered to be a rational and logical thinking process. It is defined as a process of choosing a course of action for dealing with a problem or opportunity (Schmerhorn, 2003, p 174). Problem solving is one of the steps involved in decision making. Decision making is a part of everyday life for all of us. However this essay is confined to analysis of the process of decision making in an organizational context. In an organization, decision making is one of the key managerial activities. Decisions taken in a timely manner, making optimum use of information and a sound implementation are the hallmarks of organizations which perform effectively. This essay covers aspects of decision making processes in an organization and the models which can be used to describe them. The roles of creativity in individual as well as organization decision making, intuition, gro up and collaborative decision making and leadership that makes the decision making and problem solving in organizations efficient is also discussed.It is important to understand the context under which decisions are made in the organization. Decision making within organization can be broadly classified as happening at four levels. The first is the long-term strategic decision making process. ... The operations level managers will be involved. Speed and implementation of decisions will be very important here. Very often problems to be solved will be routine in nature. The last is the corrective decisions that an organization will have to make based on the monitoring it does of its decisions and the feedback that it receives through such monitoring. Another type of classification on the decisions within an organization are those that can be differentiated as programmed decisions , those which are routine and can be solved by standard methods and the other un-programmed, those which cannot be solved by routine responses, but which require tailor made solutions. Decisions are usually made by managers as individuals, but in organizations, the particular decisions or policies chosen by decision-makers can often be explained through organizational culture and practices. These practices may be decision making by committees and groups, or by adopting fixed or standard operating procedures. Culture of the organization will decide whether decisions are taken autocratically, creatively or through participation. Decisions are often not made by an individual alone in an organization alone. Decisions are made through a complex set of interaction between different people at different parts (functions) and levels of organizations, since the stakeholders of the outcome of decisions will be many. In real life in organizations it is rare to find decision making and other processes where social and political activity does not play a significant part (Teale et al, 2003, p 289). Decision making depends upon the environment under which decisions are made. Schermerhorn, (2003, ch. 17) describes these as certain, risky and uncertain environment. "Certain"